Proteases have important roles in development and in disease. Here, the recent literature pertaining to the role of proteases in lens development (including lens fiber cell organelle loss) and cataract progression is reviewed. Families of proteases reviewed include caspases, calpains, cathepsins, the ubiquitin proteasome pathway and matrix metalloproteases. Proteases are also considered as potential targets for the pharmaceutical treatment for cataract and complications of cataract surgery, such as posterior capsule opacification. The development and use of such drugs is dependent upon gaining further insights into the roles of proteases in lens development, maturation, aging and cataract. Fruitful avenues for future research in this area are also identified.